13. The Main Schools of Buddhist Philosophy


OVERVIEW

For forty-five years, the Buddha has dispensed his teachings, adapting his words to a wide variety of auditors of very different ages, conditions, cultures, dispositions or backgrounds. Within this vast scope of teachings, depending on the aspiration, objective or conduct of disciples, it is possible to distinguish between those which relate to the Lesser or to the Great Vehicle. But depending on worldview or wisdom, the distinction is made between four main schools of tenets. These teachings invite us to discover them.


WHAT IS INCLUDED IN THESE TEACHINGS?

Rinpoche explains with extraordinary clarity the four seals accepted by all Buddhist philosophers. And, relying on several fundamental treatises, such as the condensed Precious Garland of Tenets by Könchok Jigme Wangpo or the detailed Grand Exposition of Tenets by Künkhyen Jamyang Shepa, he gradually introduces us to the subtleties of the four major schools of Buddhist philosophy from ancient India:
    1. The vaibhāṣika school, with its eighteen streams
    2. The sautrāntika school, with its two main streams
    3. The cittamātra school, with its two streams
    4. The mādhyamika school, with its two or three streams
With great care, Rinpoche shows us the distinctions between these schools and how they are all useful in coming to understand without error the lack of an identity and emptiness, which characterize the ultimate nature of reality, and which direct understanding alone frees one from cyclic existence.


WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

Starting from your usual perceptions, and challenging little by little by reflection those which are sources of error and suffering, you will gradually reach a correct and deep understanding of emptiness. By cultivating this understanding through meditation, you will be able to free yourself progressively from all the patterns and fetters that bind you and perpetuate suffering, in its various forms.

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